Diff for "AcousticClimber"

Acoustic Climber for Space Elevator

Most of this page is obsolete and needs reworking. The semi-final paper I submitted is here.

The current reference space elevator design assumes solar-powered climbers. This assumes that vast areas of solar panels can cantilever from the sides of a climber - in gravity - and provide megawatts of climb power, while being lightweight and affordable.

• maximum conductance of 0.15 mS per carbon nanotube, doi:10.1002/adfm.201303716

• A discussion of photovoltaics

• Solar cell self powered climbers are unlikely: The example pictured is a DLR solar sail (passive light pressure nanothrust), intended for microgravity, NOT an array of solar cells. Solar sails are ultrathin plastic films covered with just enough shiny metal to reflect light. Aluminum conductivity is 2.8e-8 ohm/meter; a film with 10 ohm per square resistivity (95% reflective) is 2.8e-9 meters thick - a few atomic layers. The density is 2700 kg per cubic meter, works out to 8 kilograms per square kilometer on top of the plastic. This is far less than actual satellite solar panels (300 W/m², 1 kg/m²), which are designed for microgravity, not to deploy in a gravity field. Actual space solar arrays are stabilized by gravitational gradients in orbit, and they are test-deployed on the ground hanging sideways from heavy structure.

Instead, a superstrong tether can carry megawatts of subkilohertz acoustic power, which can be impedance-matched and mechanically rectified (mad handwaving here) to produce climber thrust. The acoustic transmitters on the ground and at GEO node can provide 2 MW and 10 MW of climb power respectively, more by trading off climber mass, gravitational weight, and climber speed. Climbers will have a mechanical receiver that transforms vibration to rotary wheel motion.

That paper is old, a new one will be written with the material here. This is morphing into two banks of electrical motors separated by a quarter wave, with electrical power conversion at each motor group, and a power cable and stiff tether in between them.

The actual wheels will be spring-loaded resonant wheels with magnets in them, twirling through a stator winding to produce power. Future drawings will be done with Povray, and include animations.

Two counterrotating wheels will be paired in a small block; they will have shafts and bearings for low speed startup, but will transition to magnetic bearings (the magnets spin inside a semicircular stator) for high speed operation. Normally, the magnetic cam poles in a block on the north side of the tether will attract to cam poles in a matching block on the south side of the tether, pinching the tether.

If blocks fail, they can be triggered to withdraw from tether contact; with perhaps 1000 little blocks, the loss of a few dozen during a climb will not impact performance.

There will be two groups of motors for a climber, separated by 1/4 wavelength of acoustic vibration. The upper group will extract power from the vibration, launching electrical power and tension down to the lower group, which will reflect the vibrations back towards the top. The net effect will be like a quarter-wave radio antenna.

A column of motor blocks should be able to briefly pop away from the tether, or adjust the strain they put on it, if high speed cameras above the upper group detect a flaw or anomaly in the tether. There will be plenty of error sensing, adaptability, and tether-protective behavior designed into the blocks and the whole climber motor system; climbers will arrive at the upper terminus with up-to-date tether maps as well as cargo. This will maximize tether durability and productive operating time between maintenance downtime, and facilitate rapid patching and repair during maintenance downtime.

MoreLater

Analogy Between an Electronic Signal Cable and a Stiff Tether

All units MKS: meters, kilograms, seconds, volts, amperes (amps), radians

( FYI: if you don't think radians are a unit, you are turned around, and can't distinguish energy from torque. )

WORK IN PROGRESS, not correct yet:

Electrical cable

Relationship between voltage and current in a uniform lossless electronic signal cable:

~~~~~~~~ { \Large {{ \partial V(x,t) } \over { \partial x }} } = - L { \Large { {\partial I(x,t) } \over { \partial t }} } ~~~~~~~~~~~ { \Large {{ \partial I(x,t) } \over { \partial x }} } = - C { \Large {{ \partial V(x,t) } \over { \partial t }} }

Wave equations for a uniform lossless electronic signal cable:

~~~ L C ~ { \Large {{ \partial^2 I(x,t) } \over { \partial t^2 }} } ~=~ { \Large {{ \partial^2 I(x,t) } \over { \partial x^2 }} } ~~~~~ L C ~ { \Large {{ \partial^2 V(x,t) } \over { \partial t^2 }} } ~=~ { \Large {{ \partial^2 V(x,t) } \over { \partial x^2 }}}

• I(x,t) = current in amps at a specific distance x and time t

• V(x,t) = voltage in volts at a specific distance x and time t

• x = distance along cable in meters

• t = time in seconds

• C = capacitance per unit length, farads per meter

• L = inductance per unit length, henrys per meter

Sinusoidal solutions (many others are possible): ~~~I(x,t) = I_0 \sin( \omega t + k x ) amps ~~~~~ V(x,t) = V_0 \sin( \omega t + k x ) volts

• frequency ~ \omega ~ ~ radians per second

• wavenumber ~ k ~ = ~ \pm \sqrt{ L C } ~ \omega ~ ~ radians per meter

• speed ~ v ~ = ~ \omega / k ~ = ~ \pm 1 / \sqrt{ L C } ~ ~ in the +x or -x direction, a large fraction of the speed of light

  • a function of the materials used, typically around 0.5c or 150 million meters per second

• impedance ~ Z ~ = ~ \sqrt{ L / C } ~ = ~ V_0 / I_0 ~ ~ ohms

  • a function of the materials used and cross section, typically around 50 ohms but can be higher than 100 ohms and lower than 10 ohms

Mechanical cable

• \Psi(x,t) displacement from rest of a cable element in meters at a specific distance x and time t

• v(x,t) displacement velocity a cable element in meters at a specific distance x and time t

• a(x,t) displacement acceleration a cable element in meters at a specific distance x and time t

• \epsilon(x,t) strain of a cable element in meters at a specific distance x and time t

• f(x,t) force on a cable element in meters at a specific distance x and time t

• x = distance along cable in meters

• t = time in seconds

• Y_c cable spring constant, Newtons, Young's modulus Y times cross section A

• \rho_c = \rho A cable density, kilograms per meter, density \rho times cross section A

Relationship between displacement, velocity, acceleration, tension, and strain in a mechanical cable:

~~~~~~~~ { \large \epsilon(x,t) = \Large {{ \partial \psi(x,t) } \over { \partial x }} }

~~~~~~~~ { \large f(x,t) = Y_c \Large { { \partial \epsilon(x,t) } \over { \partial x }} }~=~{ Y_c \Large {{ \partial^2 \psi(x,t) } \over { \partial x^2 }} }

~~~~~~~~ { \large v(x,t) = \Large {{ \partial \psi(x,t) } \over { \partial t }} }

~~~~~~~~ { \large a(x,t) = \Large {{ \partial^2 \psi(x,t) } \over { \partial t^2 }} }~=~{\LARGE{ 1 \over \rho_c }}~{\large f(x,t)} ~=~ { \Large { Y_c \over \rho_c } ~ {{ \partial^2 \psi(x,t) } \over { \partial x^2 }} }

Wave equations for a uniform lossless mechanical cable:

displacement: ~~{\Large{{\partial^2 \Psi(x,t)}\over{\partial t^2}} } = {\Large{Y_c \over \rho_c }~{{\partial^2 \Psi(x,t)}\over{\partial x^2 }} }~~~~ velocity: ~~{\Large{{\partial^2 v(x,t)}\over{\partial t^2}} } = {\Large{Y_c \over \rho_c}~{{\partial^2 v(x,t)}\over{ \partial x^2}} }~~~~ strain: ~~{\Large{{\partial^2 \epsilon(x,t)}\over{\partial t^2}} } = {\Large{Y_c \over \rho_c}~{{\partial^2 e(x,t)}\over{\partial x^2}} }

For sinusoidal waves,

• ~~~~~~~~ v(x,t) = v_0 \sin( \omega t + k x ) ~~~~~ and ~~~~~ \epsilon(x,t) = \epsilon_0 \sin( \omega t + k x )

MoreLater, check the sign on \epsilon