= Fire In The Sky = === Bvtn 523.44 DIL . . 2019 . . Gordon L. Dillow (AZ Journalist) === https://gordondillow.com/ ----- History, a few interviews, some reasonably current information .p1 meteor over Arizona 2016 June 2, light and sound, 500 tonnes TNT, not detected beforehand .p7 Meteor Crater impact, 50 Kya, 18 km/s, 50 meter diameter, nickle-iron .p12 nothing lives inside 5 km, 800 km2 stripped bare, 1200 m crater, 170 m deep .p18 300,000 visitors per year .p31 4 kg meteorite 1954 Sylacauga Alabama hits 34 yo Anne Hodeges, in Tuscaloosa Museum of Natural History .p32 many other "unconfirmed" cases and deaths .p34 Piazzi 1801 Ceres Himmelpolizei . . 1802 Pallas . . 1807 Juno Vesta .p36 [[ https://www.nasa.gov/psyche | NASA $850M probe to Psyche Launch 2022 Arrive 2026 ]] .p39 1997 XF11 close pass 2028 . . . 5km 4179 Toutatis next close approach 2029 .p40 city-killer-sized twice per century (somewhere) .p43 400 discovered by 1900 .p40 Lawyer Daniel M. Barringer, Princeton 1879, mining, 1896 Commonwealth Gold/Silver Mine in sw Arizona .p50 Dr. Albert E. Foote, collectable minerals, gathered >100 meteorites, one 200-pounder; then Volz collected 20,000 pounds, $1.25/pound .p53 1891 prominent scientst Grove Karl (G.K.) Gilbert claimed steam explosion .p56 Western Union Telegraphic Codebook 1903 .p57 Barringer assumes million tonne metal asteroid, claims mining patent, plans to dig out iron 200 feet deep, starts digging 1904, drills down to 1000 feet .p65 1929 astronomer Forest Ray Moulton calculates asteroid destroyed by impact, Barringer dies of heart attack age 69 .p66 UAZ John L. Lewis, Mining the Sky, 2014 Asteroid Mining 101, chief scientist for Deep Space Industries . Platinum Group Metals not worth it except as byproduct of space construction material harvest .p71 Spurring Private Aerospace Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship (SPACE) act of 2015 exempts American citicesns from 1967 Outer Space Treaty .p74 1971, IAU 15 km Barringer Crater on the far side of Moon .p75 Tunguska June 30, 1908, 1927 Kulik expedition .p87 Cosmic pluralism, In 1838 Scottish author/minister [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dick_(scientist)#/media/File:Dick_thomas_celestial_scenery_p305_population_of_solar_system.jpg | Thomas Dick ]] claims 21,891,974,404,480 living inhabitants in Solar System, 5 billion on moon . based on surface area and population density of England . p87 1870 William Herschel (discoverer of Uranus) claims fornicating man-bats on Moon . p89 1946 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Dietz | Robert S. Dietz ]] argues almost all lunar craters meteoric . p90 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Merle_Shoemaker | Gene Shoemaker ]] 1928, Caltech geology masters at age 21, 1950 USGS search for uranium, saw Meteor Crater with wife Caroline . p93 1960 Shoemater finds quartz allotrope "coesite" in Meteor crater and in 15 mile wide circular depression around [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordlingen | Nördlingen Germany ]] . p93 200 confirmed impact craters, 300km 2Gya [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vredefort_crater | Vredefort ]] the largest . p95 Shoemaker 1963 Addison's disease, no astronaut, but helped train Apollo astronauts . p96 in 1956 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clair_Cameron_Patterson | Clair Patterson ]] dated Meteor Crater meteorites with lead isotopes . p99 Shoemaker and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_F._Helin | Glo Helin ]] started the Palomar Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey in 1973 . moon craters extrapolate to two thousand NEOs bigger than 800 meters . p100 NEO Asteroid 5496 discovered by Helin in 1973 . p102 15kT airburst somewhere about once per year . p102 airburst over Mediterranian, in 2002 General Pete Worden spoke of consequences of that occuring over India/Pakistan instead . p106 Alvarez (geologist Walter and Nobel physicist Luis) thin red clay layer outside Gubbio Italy linked to K-T extinction, . p109 66 Mya 10 km 100 million MT, hundred miles wide crater . p112 iridium, [[ https://science.sciencemag.org/content/208/4448/1095 | Science June 1980 paper ]] . p116 Wolfgang Pauli's cabaret-dancer wife left him "Had she taken a bullfighter I would have understood. But a '''chemist?'''" . p118 1978 Glenn Penfield finds large circular structure buried underground and underwater in old magnetig and gravity surveys . presents paper with Antonio Camargo, but a [[ https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/19/9/867/205322 | 1988 paper ]] with Alan Hildebrand and David Kring made the case. . p121 1993 David Levy and Carolyn Shoemaker at Palomar find comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet, compute collisions on July 16 1994. . Fragment G, six million megatonnes, 10,000 km scar, This lead to Spaceguard. . p125 Paul Weissman author of "Big Fizzle is Coming" in '''Nature''', later noted that 'fizzle' is a Yiddish work meaning 'Great big humongous Jupiter-shaking comet explosion.' . p126 Astronomer Tom Gehrels was a teenaged WW2 Dutch resistance fighter and British commando. . p126 Spacewatch telescopes at Kitt Peak used first CCD cameras . p129 Congressional funding authorization 1997, find 90% of potentially catastrophic NEOs (800m) over the next decade . p130 later expanded to 90% of 150 meter objects by 2020 . p131 Gene Shoemaker killed in July 18 1997 crash on dirt road near Alice Springs (Toyota Hilux Truck vs Toyota Land Cruiser) . ashes aboard 1998 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Prospector | Lunar Prospector ]] moon probe . p137 [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer#NEOWISE_(pre-hibernation) | NEOWISE ]] warm followup to WISE . p139 "54yo" (1963) [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kowalski | Richard Kowalski ]] 9000 foot Mount Lemmon observatory, Catalina Sky Survey . Amateur turned pro in 2005 . 60 inch f/1.6 reflector NEO-finder with 10560x10560 CCD 5 square degrees, 4 images in 10 minutes, 250 fields per night , also remotely operated followup, and a 30 inch wide-field Schmidt on nearby Mount Bigelow . former Air Force radar-tracking station, 26 mile road . p146 Torino scale - none currently larger than zero . p147 2004 Apophis, 2029 pass within 30,000 km, closer than comsats . October 6 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_TC3 | 2008 TC3 ]] spotted, entry over Sudan Nubian Desert 5:46am the next day . p150 11 kg of fragments found by University of Khartoum students . p150 2014 AA, exploded over Atlantic 20 hours later . p150 June 2, 2018 Kowalski spotted 2018 LA, burned up over Botswana . p151 2011 CQ. 1 meter approached within 5500 km of Earth. [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WT1190F | WT1190F ]] rocket body . p160 Pew Research Poll, 62% said search important, 9% said a waste of time and money . p160 2017 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oumuamua | 'Oumauamua ]] . p163 2012 DA14 later named [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/367943_Duende | 367943 Duende ]] ( 50 meters ) flyby within 27,700 km on February 15 2013, 16 hours after the unexpected Chelyabinsk meteor . p165 Chelyabinsk most radioactively contaminated place in the world (er, how about Bikini?), 1957 explosion at Mayak plutonium processing plant . 20 meter asteroid, 19 km/s, 500 kT, shockwave arrived after 90 seconds while people looked out windows, 1500 injured . p170 NASA 2019 NEO program budget $150M, 19,000 discoveries as of late 2018, director [[ | Lindley Johnson]] "Planetary Defense Officer" . T-shirt [[ https://shirtcoll.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/asteroids-natures-way-asking-space-program-coming-along-ladies-shirt.jpg | "Asteroids Are Nature's Way of Asking: How's That Space Program Coming Along?"]] .34?? page 1994 Air Force white paper "Spacecast 2020" [[ https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA295142 | Original 486 page ]] [[ https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA295144 | volume 2 ]] [[ https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA295146/page/n1 | volume 3 ]] [[ https://doi.org/10.1016/0265-9646(95)90037-3 | edited executive summary ]] . 1995 Air Force released previously classified data on hundreds of asteroid airbursts . p176 not [[ https://www.nasa.gov/planetarydefense | Planetary Defense Coordination Office ]], which sterilizes space probes . p179 1967 MIT Course 16.74 Advanced Space Systems Engineering, [[ https://www.technologyreview.com/s/512941/teaching-at-the-end-of-the-world/ | Professor Paul Sandorff ]], [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1566_Icarus#Project_Icarus | Icarus Project ]] . p186 1993 Los Alamos [[ https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19920025001 | Near-Earth Object Interception Workshop ]] . Edward Teller suggested a one-gigaton nuclear bomb, "big enough to blow up Ceres" . p188 Controversy over bombs in space, prohibited by 1967 Outer Space Treaty . p193 LLNL 2018 asteroid deflection plan [[ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576517307919 | Options and Uncertainties in Planetary Defense ]] . p194 Hypervelocity Asteroid Mitigation Mission for Emergency Response - . either 10 years lead time and 80 kinetic impactors 10 tonnes each ... or a nuke . p197 2014 NASA survey, 200 people, 57% support nukes against small asteroids, 85% support against large asteroids . p214 2014 TTX, [[ https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/pd/cs/ttx14/ | table top exercise ]], Pasadena Texas [[ https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/pd/cs/ttx13/ | 2013 TTX ]], Pasadena California, https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/pd/cs/