#format jsmath == Acoustic Climber for Space Elevator == Most of this page is obsolete and needs reworking. The semi-final paper I submitted is ''' [[attachment:ise2017.pdf|here]]'''. The current reference space elevator design assumes solar-powered climbers. This assumes that vast areas of solar panels can cantilever from the sides of a climber - in gravity - and provide megawatts of climb power, while being lightweight and affordable. || {{ attachment:SolarSail-DLR-ESA.jpg | | width=300 }} || This is a solar SAIL, not a solar cell! <
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> [[ attachment:SolarSail-DLR-ESA.jpg | bigger ]] from [[ http://www.lunarsail.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/SolarSail-DLR-ESA.jpg | here ]] and [[http://www.dlr.de/fa/Portaldata/17/Resources/dokumente/institut/2002/2002_04.pdf | here ]] and [[ http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet98/LEIPOLD.pdf | here ]]. || . [[ AcConduc | maximum conductance of 0.15 mS per carbon nanotube, doi:10.1002/adfm.201303716 ]] . [[ AcPhoto | A discussion of photovoltaics ]] .'''Solar cell self powered climbers are unlikely:''' The example pictured is a DLR solar sail (passive light pressure nanothrust), intended for microgravity, NOT an array of solar cells. Solar sails are ultrathin plastic films covered with just enough shiny metal to reflect light. Aluminum conductivity is 2.8e-8 ohm/meter; a film with 10 ohm per square resistivity (95% reflective) is 2.8e-9 meters thick - a few atomic layers. The density is 2700 kg per cubic meter, works out to 8 kilograms per square kilometer on top of the plastic. This is far less than actual satellite solar panels (300 W/m^2^, 1 kg/m^2^), which are designed for microgravity, not to deploy in a gravity field. Actual space solar arrays are stabilized by gravitational gradients in orbit, and they are test-deployed on the ground hanging sideways from heavy structure. Instead, a superstrong tether can carry '''megawatts''' of 1 to 10 Hz range acoustic power, which can be impedance-matched and mechanically rectified (mad handwaving here) to produce climber thrust. The acoustic transmitters on the ground and at GEO node can provide 2 MW and 10 MW of climb power respectively, more by trading off climber mass, gravitational weight, and climber speed. There will be two groups of motors for a climber, separated by 1/4 wavelength of acoustic vibration. The upper group will extract power from the vibration, launching electrical power and tension down to the lower group, which will reflect the vibrations back towards the top. The net effect will be like a quarter-wave radio antenna. -------- === Analogy Between an Electronic Signal Cable and a Stiff Tether === All units MKS: meters, kilograms, seconds, volts, amperes (amps), radians ( ''FYI: if you don't think radians are a unit, you are turned around, and can't distinguish energy from torque.'' :-? ) WORK IN PROGRESS, not correct yet: ||<-2:> '''Electrical''' ||<-2:> '''Acoustic''' || ||<-4> Distance ( meters, m ) || ||<-4> Time ( seconds, s ) || ||<-4> Lumped parameters || || Energy (Joules, J) || ½·C·V² + ½·L·I² || Energy (Joules) || ½·kg·m²/s² = N·m || || Power (Watts, W) || V·A || Power (Watts) || kg·m²/s³ = N·m/s || || Current I (Amps, A) || mks fundamental unit || Displacement Velocity v || m/s || || Voltage V (Volts, V) || kg·m²/A·s³ || Force F (Newtons, N) || kg·m/s² || || Impedance R, Z ( Ohms, Ω ) || R = V/A = kg·m²/A²·s³ || Acoustic Impedance Z || kg/s || || Inductance L (Henries, H ) || L = Ω·s = kg⋅m²/A²·s² || mass m (kilograms, kg) || m || || Capacitance C (Farad, F) || C = s/Ω = s⁴⋅A²/m²·kg || compliance (1/spring) || m/N = s²/kg || ||<-4> Distributed parameters; X' ≡ linear derivative of X ≡ X per meter ; ≡ average of X sin( ω T ) || || Energy/Length || ¼·C'·V²/m + ¼·L'·I² || Energy/Length || ¼·kg·m/s² = N || || Power/Length || V·A/m || Power/Length || kg·m/s³ = N/s || || Current I (Amps, A) || mks fundamental unit || Displacement Velocity v || m/s || || Voltage/Length V' || kg·m/A·s³ || Force F (Newtons, N) || kg·m/s² || || Impedance R, Z ( Ohms, Ω ) || R = V/A = kg·m²/A²·s³ || Acoustic Impedance Z || kg/s || || Inductance/Length || L' = kg⋅m²/A²·s² || mass/Length m' || kg/m || || Capacitance/Length || C' = s/Ω⋅m = s⁴⋅A²/m³·kg || compliance (1/spring) || m/N = s²/kg || ---- == Electrical cable == ==== Relationship between voltage and current in a uniform lossless electronic signal cable: ==== $ ~~~~~~~~ { \Large {{ \partial V(x,t) } \over { \partial x }} } = - L { \Large { {\partial I(x,t) } \over { \partial t }} } ~~~~~~~~~~~ { \Large {{ \partial I(x,t) } \over { \partial x }} } = - C { \Large {{ \partial V(x,t) } \over { \partial t }} } $ ==== Wave equations for a uniform lossless electronic signal cable: ==== $~~~ L C ~ { \Large {{ \partial^2 I(x,t) } \over { \partial t^2 }} } ~=~ { \Large {{ \partial^2 I(x,t) } \over { \partial x^2 }} } ~~~~~ L C ~ { \Large {{ \partial^2 V(x,t) } \over { \partial t^2 }} } ~=~ { \Large {{ \partial^2 V(x,t) } \over { \partial x^2 }}} $ . $ I(x,t) $ = current in amps at a specific distance $ x $ and time $ t $ . $ V(x,t) $ = voltage in volts at a specific distance $ x $ and time $ t $ . $ x $ = distance along cable in meters . $ t $ = time in seconds . $ C $ = capacitance per unit length, farads per meter . $ L $ = inductance per unit length, henrys per meter Sinusoidal solutions (many others are possible): $ ~~~I(x,t) = I_0 \sin( \omega t + k x )$ amps $ ~~~~~ V(x,t) = V_0 \sin( \omega t + k x )$ volts . frequency $ ~ \omega ~ ~ $ radians per second . wavenumber $ ~ k ~ = ~ \pm \sqrt{ L C } ~ \omega ~ ~ $ radians per meter . speed $ ~ v ~ = ~ \omega / k ~ = ~ \pm 1 / \sqrt{ L C } ~ ~ $ in the +x or -x direction, a large fraction of the speed of light . a function of the materials used, typically around 0.5'''c''' or 150 million meters per second . impedance $ ~ Z ~ = ~ \sqrt{ L / C } ~ = ~ V_0 / I_0 ~ ~ $ ohms . a function of the materials used and cross section, typically around 50 ohms but can be higher than 100 ohms and lower than 10 ohms ---- == Mechanical cable == . $ \Psi(x,t) $ displacement from rest of a cable element in meters at a specific distance $ x $ and time $ t $ . $ v(x,t) $ displacement velocity a cable element in meters at a specific distance $ x $ and time $ t $ . $ a(x,t) $ displacement acceleration a cable element in meters at a specific distance $ x $ and time $ t $ . $ \epsilon(x,t) $ strain of a cable element in meters at a specific distance $ x $ and time $ t $ . $ f(x,t) $ force on a cable element in meters at a specific distance $ x $ and time $ t $ . $ x $ = distance along cable in meters . $ t $ = time in seconds . $ Y_c $ cable spring constant, Newtons, Young's modulus $ Y $ times cross section $ A $ . $ \rho_c = \rho A $ cable density, kilograms per meter, density $ \rho $ times cross section $ A $ ==== Relationship between displacement, velocity, acceleration, tension, and strain in a mechanical cable: ==== $ ~~~~~~~~ { \large \epsilon(x,t) = \Large {{ \partial \psi(x,t) } \over { \partial x }} } $ $ ~~~~~~~~ { \large f(x,t) = Y_c \Large { { \partial \epsilon(x,t) } \over { \partial x }} }~=~{ Y_c \Large {{ \partial^2 \psi(x,t) } \over { \partial x^2 }} } $ $ ~~~~~~~~ { \large v(x,t) = \Large {{ \partial \psi(x,t) } \over { \partial t }} } $ $ ~~~~~~~~ { \large a(x,t) = \Large {{ \partial^2 \psi(x,t) } \over { \partial t^2 }} }~=~{\LARGE{ 1 \over \rho_c }}~{\large f(x,t)} ~=~ { \Large { Y_c \over \rho_c } ~ {{ \partial^2 \psi(x,t) } \over { \partial x^2 }} } $ ==== Wave equations for a uniform lossless mechanical cable: ==== displacement: $~~{\Large{{\partial^2 \Psi(x,t)}\over{\partial t^2}} } = {\Large{Y_c \over \rho_c }~{{\partial^2 \Psi(x,t)}\over{\partial x^2 }} }~~~~$ velocity: $~~{\Large{{\partial^2 v(x,t)}\over{\partial t^2}} } = {\Large{Y_c \over \rho_c}~{{\partial^2 v(x,t)}\over{ \partial x^2}} }~~~~$ strain: $~~{\Large{{\partial^2 \epsilon(x,t)}\over{\partial t^2}} } = {\Large{Y_c \over \rho_c}~{{\partial^2 e(x,t)}\over{\partial x^2}} }$ For sinusoidal waves, $ ~~~~~~~~ v(x,t) = v_0 \sin( \omega t + k x ) ~~~~~ $ and $ ~~~~~ \epsilon(x,t) = \epsilon_0 \sin( \omega t + k x ) $ MoreLater, check the sign on $ \epsilon $ ------